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BIRD S-EYE VIEWS 



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SLAVERY IN MISSOURI. 



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By E. LEIGH, M. D, 



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SAINT LOUIS. 

For Sale by 

KEITH & WOODS, C. C. BAILEY, JAMES M. CRAWFORD, C. WITTER. 

1862. 






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^ BIRD'S-EYE VIEWS 



GENERAL EXPLANATION. 

If, at the time when the last Census was taken, in June, 18G0, all the inhabitants ol 
each County in Missouri had been gathered together near the centre of the county 
and collected in regiments of a thousand persons each, and these regiments arranged in 
regular order, they would have presented to the eye of a person passing over in a balloon, 
or to the eye of an eagle Hying over at the proper height in the air, very much such an aji- 
pearance as that exhibited in the first of these maps; for each one of the square dots on 
that map represents a regiment or collection of 1,000 persons. Thus the 22,896 inliabitantt^ 
of Jackson Co. are represented by 22 squares; the 9,794 inhabitants of Cass Co. by 9 
s<juares, and so in all tlie counties. 

Again, if all the slaves in each county had been gathered together and arranged in 
companies of a hundred persons each, they would have presented to the birds' eye an ap- 
pearance somewhat like that in the second map; for, in this map, each one of the little 
.-quare dots represents 100 slaves, so that the 3,94-4 slaves in Jackson Co. arc represented 
by 39 squares, and the 1,010 slaves in Cass Co. by a group of 10 squares, and so on through- 
nut the State. 

Again, if the slaveholders in each county had been collected in companies of a hun- 
drcd each, they would have presented an appearance like that in the third map, in which 
i^ach square dot represents iOO slave-holders, so that the93G slave-holders ot Jackson Co. 
are represented by 9 .squares, and the 305 slave-holders of Cass Co. by 3 squares. 

It will thus be seen thit those maps furnish birds'-sye views of the people ot Missouri : 
that they enable the reader to make for himself a sort of balloon reconnoisance of the State. 
Substantially the same explanation maj be given of the sixth map. If, at the time when 
the Census was taken, in June, 1850, all the tobacco which had been raised in the county 
during the previous year had been collected together, and the hogsheads arranged in square 
piles, containing each fifty thousand pounds, the appearance to the bird's eye would have 
been much like that given in this map. In Howard Co., where 3,188,122 pounds were raised, 
there would have been seen 63 such squares, represented on the map by 63 square dots ; in 
Osage Co., where 99,535 pounds were raised, there would have been seen but 2 squares, 
represented on the map by 2 square dots. In counties raising less than 50,000 pounds, no 
dots are inserted. 

In the fourth map the square dots are used to denote, not thousands or hundreds, as in 
the preceding maps, but the same numbers as are expressed by the figures. Thus in Jack- 
son Co., where there are about 17 slaves in every 100 inhabitants, 17 dots are printed, 
denoting 17 per cent. ; and in Lafayette Co., where the per ccntage of slaves is nearly 32, 
this ratio is expressed by 32 dot.5. 

So in the fifth map the dots are used to express the same numbers as the figures. In 
•Jackson Co there are 16 slaves to every $10,000 worth of farm property, and this ratio is 
expressed by 16 dots ; in Cass Co., where the ratio of slaves and farm property is 9 to every 
$10,000 worth, it is expressed by 9 dots. 

The preceding explanation will suffice to make the new notation used in these maps, 
plain to every reader. Some additional remarks on each map will now be given. 



Bird's-eye Views of Slavery in Missouri. 



MAP NO. I POPULATION. 

The population of St. Louis City and County is put down as 190,524, according to the 
U. S. Census of 18G0. In the State Census of 1850 the population of the city of St. Louis is 
,^iven as 159, 3GJ ; therefore 160 square dots have been printed together, alittle aside from the 
county to represent the population of the city; and 30 dots have been inserted in the county 
to represent the population of the county outside of the city limits. As some persons may 
wish to make comparisons between tlie population of other cities and large towns in the 
State, and the population of the rural districts in the same counties, a statement of the 
population of some of the cities and larger towns of the State, as taken from the printed 
State Census of .1800, is here given: St. Joseph, Buchanan, Co., 11,409; Hannibal, 
Marion Co., 6,324; Palmyra, Marion Co., 2,209; Lexington, Lafayette Co., 4,985 ; Jef- 
ferson City, Cole Co., 2,091; Cape Girardeau, Cape Girardeau Co., 2,807; "Weston, Platte 
Co., 2,33l"; Springaeld, Greene Co., 1,644. 

No inhabitants are put down for Worth Co., that being a new county established by 
ihe State Legishiture since the Census was taken, and never before laid down on any map. 

The boundaries of the nine new Congressional Districts, as fi.xed upon by our Statt- 
Convention at its last session, are indicated upon this map by dotted lines. The First Dl-<- 
strict embraces the northern part of St. Louis city and county, comprising the fourth, fiftli. 
si.\th, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth wards of the city; all of the township of St. Louis 
north of the Manchester road; and Central and St. Ferdinand townships. The Second Dis- 
trict embraces the remainder of St. Louis city and county, together with the other counties 
enclosed by the dotted lines. 

MAP NO. II — SLAVES. 

In this map, in which the square dots represent 100 slaves, there are several counties 
having less than a hundred, in which of course no dot is printed. Douglas is the only 
county in the State having no slaves in it. In this, as in all the maps, the numbers tor- 
Worth Co. are included with those of Gentry Co., with which it was connected at the time 
of taking the Census. 

MAP NO. Ill — SLAVE-HOLDERS. 

The remarks upon map No. 2, are applicable to this map also. If any one desire to 
compare either of these maps (No. 2 or No. 3) with map No. 1, he must keep in mind that 
in No. 1 the dot represents a thousand persons; in Nos. 2 and 3 it represents but one hun- 
dred. A single dot in the first map is equivalent to a group of ten dots in the second or 
third. 

MAP NO. IV RATIO OF SLAVES TO POPULATION. 

In calculating the per cent, for £his map and in expressing it by dots, the usual method 
of considering all over five-tenths (.5) as a whole one, and disregarding all under five- 
tenths, has been adopted. Thua, in Jackson Co. 17.2 per cent is marked 17; in Vernon 
Co. 2. 8 is marked 3. In the three first maps, however, and also in the sixth, it will be 
seen that the dots are used to represent only round numbers, 1,0(>0, 100, or 50,000; any 
excess over these round numbers being shown only by the figures. 

MAP NO. V — RATIO OF SLAVES TO FARM PROPERTV. 

This map has been prepared upon the principle adopted in the fourth. As the num- 
bers are taken from the Census of 1850, the fifteen counties formed since that time are of 
course left blank. 

MAP NO. VI — TOBACCO. 

In this n)ap a is inserted in the six counties from which no tobacco was reported in 
the Census tables, and the counties formed since 1850 are left blank. It has been prepared 
and added to the other maps, partly on account of the connection between the culture of 
tobacco and slave labor, and partly to show the advantage of using the " bird's-eye nota- 
tion," in exhibiting the geographical distriblition of vegetable and other products. The 
unit adopted (oO, 000) is a large one on account of the large amount raised in the 
three principal tobacco-growing counties. By shading these counties and making 10,- 
000 the unit, the notation would have been extended to counties producing smaller quanti- 



Bird's- eye Views of Slavery in Missouri. 

ties. But, asitis, thepartof the State in which the bulk ofthe tobacco crop is raised, and tlx 
proportion raised in each of these counties, are well exhibited. The reader is requested tu 
compare the distinct and clear idea of the relative importance of the tobacco crop in these 
counties, which he instantly obtains by a single glance at the map, with the indistinct an. 1 
imperfect notion of the crop in the counties in which nothing but figures are inserted, 
which he can obtain only with difficulty after considerable study. Such a comparison 
will show the great superiority of this new method of expressing numbers. 

DATA USED IN PREPARING TUE MAPS. 

The statistics of aggregate population, slaves, and slaveowners, used in preparing th*- 
first four of these maps, have been taken from authentic statements ofthe Census of 1860, 
.■ertified by the Superintendent of the Census and furnished to me by the courtesy ol 
the Editors ofthe Republican and Democrat of this city. The data for the fifth and sixth 
maps have been taken from the printed Compendium of the Cen.'ius of 1850. Special pains 
liave been taken to avoid the slightest error and make the maps faithful transcripts of the 
<'ensus record; nothing beyond this has been attempted. 

The following numbers were not inserted in the several maps: w'.iolc population o; 
the State, 1,182,012: slave population, 114,931; number of slave-holders, 24,632 ; averajn 
per cent of slaves, nine and seven-tenths (9.7); average number of slaves to every ?10,0ni' 
worth of farm property, 13; (the estimated value of farms and farming implements in the 
•Suite in 1850 was $67,207,068; and the whole number of slaves at that time was 87,422). 
The entire tobacco crop of the State, according to the Census of 1850, was 17,113,784 
pounds, being 8.57 percent, of the whole crop in the United States. 

CHANGE SINCE 1860. 

It has not been forgotten that the population of this State has changed materially dur- 
ing the past two years ; but these are the latest statistics we have or can have for somi 
lime, and they are, as here given, full of interest and instruction. Besides, eachone can. 
lor himself, according to his means of information, form his own judgment as to the chang(- 
which may have taken place in the different parts of the State. 



B@- ADVERTISEMENT. 



Will be fiublished, in a few weeks. Bird's-eye Views of Slavery in Virginia and Maryland. 

The views of slavery in these States will be quite as interesting and important as those 
iriven in this pamphlet, and the view of the tobacco crop is even more .striking and in- 
rtrnoiive. 

In preparation, and will be published in September, Bird's-ryc }'iews of the Uni('</ 
■States and other Countries, for the Use of Schools ;■ to be used in connection with existing 
Text Books of Geography and History. In this book, instead of simple black dots of uni- 
form size and shape, signs of diflferent forms and colors, and variously arranged, will be used, 
so that much more will be expressed ©n a single chart without loss of distinctness. As it 
will be printed from stereotype plates on the common printing press, the price will corres- 
pond with that of other school books. 



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V (lisliirts. 



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NUMERICAL RELATION OF SLAVES 

to noriciilhnal wriillli ill 

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